Sensitive teeth | Understanding tooth sensitivity and its causes

Medically reviewed by Gordana Čižmek, dr. dent. med., spec. · Last updated: July 2026

Does an unpleasant twinge of pain surprise you with every sip of hot coffee or cold lemonade? Tooth sensitivity is a problem many people face, yet it often goes unrecognised until it becomes almost unbearable. It is not something you simply have to accept as part of your everyday life. Understanding the causes and signs of tooth sensitivity and acting correctly can greatly improve your comfort and the health of your teeth.

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What causes tooth sensitivity?

The causes of tooth sensitivity are varied and range from erosion of the enamel, caused by frequent consumption of acidic drinks and food, to receding gums, which expose the roots of the teeth and make them more susceptible to external influences. We should also not overlook dental diseases, which can contribute to sensitivity.

Other possible causes of sensitive teeth include:

• Bruxism: frequent, often unconscious grinding or clenching of the teeth, which wears down the enamel.
• Acidic food and drink: citrus fruits, fizzy drinks and other acidic foods can erode the enamel.
• Gingivitis: gum inflammation can cause the gums to recede and expose the roots of the teeth.
• Tooth cracks: small cracks in a tooth can allow stimuli to reach the nerve.

According to the NHS, sensitive teeth are usually the result of worn tooth enamel or exposed tooth roots, which leave the dentine underneath unprotected.

Sensitive teeth – symptoms

In addition to understanding the causes, it is important to recognise the symptoms of sensitive teeth, which are not limited to pain when eating hot or cold food and drink. Symptoms can also appear when eating sweet or very acidic food, and even when breathing in cold air. This pain is not necessarily constant – it can be temporary, but nevertheless very intense.

Different types of pain

The symptoms of sensitive teeth can be subtle or markedly painful, often causing discomfort during everyday activities such as eating and drinking. The most common symptom is sudden, sharp pain when consuming cold or hot food and drink, which can reach all the way to the roots of the tooth. This sensation is not limited to temperature, as sweet, acidic or even very spicy food can trigger similar reactions.

Sensitivity can appear occasionally or become chronic, depending on the cause and the degree of damage to the tooth or gums. Understanding these symptoms is important for timely treatment and preventing further damage to the teeth.

The anatomy of a tooth and the causes of sensitivity

To understand why teeth become sensitive, it is essential to know the basic anatomy of a tooth. A tooth is made up of three main layers: the outer enamel, which is the hardest substance in the body and protects the tooth from everyday stresses such as chewing. Beneath the enamel is the dentine, a less hard layer that contains microscopic channels called dentinal tubules. If the enamel weakens or the gum recedes, these tubules become exposed to external stimulation, which can lead to a feeling of pain. At the centre of the tooth is the dental pulp, which contains nerves and blood vessels, and it is this that causes intense pain when irritated.

The effect of diet on dental health

Diet has a direct impact on the health of our teeth and gums. Food and drink rich in sugars and acids can cause demineralisation of the enamel, a gradual process of dissolving the hard outer layer of the tooth. This increases the risk of developing decay, as well as tooth sensitivity, since thinner enamel means less protection for the dentine and pulp. That is why it is important to limit the consumption of such foods and drinks and to clean your teeth regularly to remove food debris and reduce the amount of acids in the mouth.

What helps?

On the other hand, a diet rich in calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D can help strengthen the enamel and contribute to gum health. Dairy products are an excellent source of calcium, while phosphorus is found in meat, fish and nuts. Vitamin D, which helps with the absorption of calcium, is obtained from sunlight and foods such as oily fish and eggs. A healthy, balanced diet benefits not only general health but also plays a key role in preventing tooth sensitivity and maintaining strong, healthy teeth.

What are the preventive measures?

The basic preventive measure is using a toothpaste for sensitive teeth, which can help reduce sensitivity. It is good for it to contain enough fluoride, which the NHS notes helps to strengthen tooth enamel and protect against decay. Regular, correct brushing and the use of dental floss to remove plaque that builds up between the teeth and along the gums are also important. It is likewise important to limit the consumption of food and drink that can damage the enamel.

Sometimes you cannot do without a dentist

Despite all preventive measures, a visit to the dentist is sometimes unavoidable. If tooth sensitivity becomes too disruptive, or if you suspect that the cause is deeper, it is time to seek professional help. The dentist will be able to identify the cause of the problem and suggest appropriate treatment, which may include professional cleaning, the use of special coatings or dental procedures if needed.

Dental procedures to reduce sensitivity

When conservative home measures do not bring the desired relief, the dentist may suggest professional procedures. This can include the application of fluoride gels, which strengthen the enamel and reduce stimuli. In some cases, procedures to cover exposed roots are suggested, such as fillings or surgical treatment of gum recession, and in extreme cases even endodontic treatment (root canal treatment) if the sensitivity is the result of deeper problems with the tooth. These procedures can provide a long-term solution for people who suffer from chronic enamel sensitivity.

Everyday tips for looking after sensitive teeth

• Use a toothpaste for sensitive teeth: choose a toothpaste specially designed to reduce tooth sensitivity. These toothpastes contain ingredients such as potassium nitrate, which help block pain signals from the tooth to the nerve, and fluoride to strengthen the enamel and improve oral hygiene.
• Brush with a soft toothbrush: using a soft toothbrush and gentle, circular movements when brushing can reduce wear of the enamel and gums, which is often the cause of sensitivity. Avoid aggressive brushing, which can worsen the problem, and maintain proper oral hygiene.
• Avoid acidic and sweet food and drink: acidic food and drink (such as fizzy drinks and citrus fruits) and sweets can erode the enamel. Reduce your consumption of these foods and rinse your mouth with water immediately afterwards to neutralise the acids. It is also good to avoid excessively cold or hot food and drink.
• Wear a mouth guard if you grind your teeth: bruxism or teeth grinding is a common cause of tooth wear and sensitivity. Wearing a mouth guard at night can protect your teeth from further wear.
• Visit the dentist regularly: preventive dental check-ups and cleanings can detect and address problems that cause sensitivity early. The dentist can also advise you on additional methods and treatments to reduce sensitivity.

Ease your problems and live without pain

With the right approach and consistent use of everyday tooth-care tips, you can reduce tooth sensitivity and prevent further problems. It is important not to ignore the early signs of sensitivity and to act as soon as you notice the first symptoms.

Tooth sensitivity is not something you should accept as an inevitable part of life. With proper care and preventive measures, you can significantly improve your dental health and avoid the discomfort caused by sensitive teeth.

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Frequently asked questions

Related reading

• Gingivitis and gum inflammation
• Toothache: causes and relief
• Bruxism and teeth grinding
• Oral hygiene essentials
• Dental tartar and how to prevent it