Warning signs that need attention

Arrange an examination for a persistent ulcer, red or white patch, unexplained lump or thickening, recurring bleeding, altered sensation, unexplained loosening of a tooth, pain or difficulty swallowing, or a neck lump. A hoarse voice or one-sided throat symptoms that persist also need medical assessment.

The two-week guide is not a reason to wait if a change is severe, rapidly growing, affects breathing or swallowing, or you feel significantly unwell. Seek urgent medical care in those situations.

Risk factors and prevention

Tobacco in all forms and heavy alcohol use increase risk, and using both compounds the risk. Lip exposure to ultraviolet radiation and some human papillomavirus infections are also relevant. Age and previous disease affect risk, but oral cancer can occur in people without an obvious cause.

Not smoking, moderating alcohol, protecting the lips from strong sun and attending regular dental examinations support prevention and earlier recognition.

What happens during an oral examination?

The clinician asks how long the change has been present and reviews symptoms, medicines and risk factors. The lips, cheeks, tongue, floor and roof of the mouth, gums and throat area are inspected and palpated where appropriate; the neck may also be checked.

If a finding cannot be explained or does not resolve, the safest next step may be prompt referral to an appropriate specialist. A diagnosis may require additional tests or a biopsy; visual inspection alone cannot confirm cancer.